不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生长在矿区废弃地的栾树混交幼林生物量研究

对湖南湘潭锰矿矿业废弃地营造林的3．5-4．5年生栾树、杜英混交林进行了生物量研究．结果表明:林分密度为3 240株／hm2,栾树单株生物量为1 175-1 958 g,杜英为544-909 g;林分生物量为3125-5211．00 kg／hm2,林分净生产量为893．00- 2085．48 kg／(hm2·a)．现林木生命力强,生长旺盛,林分生产潜力大．为矿区废弃地的植物修复提供了优良树种．     

Changes in Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn Fractionation and Liberation Due to Mussel Shell Amendment on a Mine Soil

Mining activities are related to relevant environmental pollution issues that should be controlled. We used sequential extractions to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn retained on unamended or mussel shell‐amended mine soil samples, all of them treated with a mixture of the five heavy metals (total metal concentration of 1·57 mmol L⁻¹), after 1, 7 and 30 days of incubation. In addition, we used the stirred flow chamber technique to study the release of each of the five heavy metals from these different unamended and shell‐amended soil samples. The results indicate that the shell amendment caused a decrease in the most soluble fraction, while increasing the most recalcitrant (least mobile) fraction. With equivalent implications, the stirred flow chamber experiments showed that mussel shell amendment was associated to a decrease in heavy metal release and increased retention. The highest mussel shell dose and incubation time caused the most relevant changes in pH values and thus in metal retention, also indicating the importance of pH modifications in the mechanism of retention acting in the amended samples. In view of these results, the use of mussel shell amendment can be encouraged to increase heavy metal retention in acid mine soils, in order to minimise risks of environmental pollution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海州露天矿土地复垦示范区土壤综合质量评价

为有效地治理和改善矿区恶劣生态环境,使废弃的土地资源得以充分利用,通过对阜新海州露天矿土地复垦示范区土壤有机质、全N、有效P、速效K、EC、pH值、含水量、容重、紧实度等指标进行测定,开展了复垦土壤质量综合评价。结果表明:不同复垦示范区土壤质量差异较大,沙打旺、冰草示范区土壤质量最好;杨树、油松示范区次之;耕地、侧柏示范区土壤质量较差。     

杨庄煤矿区农田塌陷水域多介质OCPs污染特征及生态风险研究

为研究采煤活动影响下农田塌陷水域有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征及潜在生态风险,使用GC-MS对淮南潘一矿的杨庄农田塌陷区水体和底泥中的OCPs特征污染物六六六(HCHs)及滴滴涕(DDTs)进行质量浓度测定,利用ArcGIS进行OCPs分布特征及来源研究,并选择共识沉积物质量基准法(CB-SQGs)对潜在生态风险进行分析。结果表明:杨庄沉陷区溶解态ΣOCPs质量浓度范围为72.06～218.89 ng·L~(-1),均值为167.32 ng·L~(-1);悬浮态和沉积态ΣOCPs范围为199.35～405.04 ng·g~(-1)dw和24.34～1 247.32ng·g~(-1)dw,均值为277.07 ng·g~(-1)dw和238.78 ng·g~(-1)dw;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs质量浓度自上游向下游方向随水流呈削减趋势;杨庄塌陷水体中HCHs主要来自于林丹,DDTs主要来自于农业三氯杀螨醇;溶解态OCPs低于国家Ⅲ类水质标准限额,处于低生态风险水平;悬浮态和沉积态OCPs处于中高生态风险水平,其中沉积态OCPs毒性发生率略低于悬浮态OCPs毒性发生率。     

不同有机肥对矿区复垦土壤磷素矿化特征研究

【目的】探究不同有机肥对采煤塌陷复垦土壤磷素的矿化特征。【方法】采用室内培养试验,以不施肥处理为空白处理(CK),研究了施用3种有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)对矿区复垦土壤速效磷的动态变化,并综合其矿化过程中的磷酸酶活性及磷转化强度,分析了不同有机肥对矿区复垦土壤磷生物有效性的影响。【结果】①在整个室内恒温培养过程中,各施肥处理的速效磷量均随培养时间延长呈下降趋势,不同培养时期速效磷量大致呈现出:鸡粪>猪粪≥牛粪>化肥>CK。培养结束时(105d),鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪处理较化肥处理显著提高了土壤速效磷量(18.56%~37.09%);鸡粪处理较猪粪和牛粪处理速效磷量显著提高了11.93%~15.62%,而猪粪和牛粪处理间差异不显著;②在整个室内恒温培养过程中,拟二阶动力学模型能较好地反映各施肥处理速效磷释放过程,其次为Elovich模型和幂函数模型,而粒内扩散模型拟合效果较差。③在整个培养时期施有机肥处理的磷酸酶活性显著高于化肥处理,提高幅度为39.14%~120.70%。④培养前期(0~14 d),猪粪处理与化肥处理对土壤有机磷转化强度影响较大,二者间差异不显著,且猪粪处理较牛粪、鸡粪处理能显著提高有机磷转化强度,分别提高了41.51%和86.52%;在培养中后期(42~105d)各施肥处理的有机磷转化强度差异均不显著。【结论】施用有机肥能促进矿区复垦土壤磷素矿化,其中鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪对提高土壤有效磷量作用更为明显。     

新疆恒源煤矿新近系水体采动等级评价

指出了恒源煤矿侏罗系煤系地层基本无水,主要充水水源为新近系独山子组的孔隙-裂隙含水层,但是主井筒开拓时,开始涌水量很小,继续向下开拓时,井筒涌水量超过1000m3/h。计算了煤层"两带"高度和新近系含水层与下覆煤系地层间距,研究表明:煤系地层与新近系水体间并无直接的水力联系,具体的涌水来源尚无定论,估算矿井的最大涌水量为160.74m3/h,正常涌水量为53.58m3/h。     

地缘政治视野下的晚清云南“收矿权、保路权”运动

运用民族学田野调查的方法，从地缘政治角度探讨了晚清云南 “收矿权、保路权”运动对云南的影响。从政治、经济、技术、地理、人才、资金等方面分析了滇缅铁路未能修成的原因。对云南矿权的收回从地缘政治的角度进行了解读，对晚清云南知识界、工商阶层的崛起及其与云南的 “收矿权、保路权”运动的关系作了阐述。这些都是以往学术界较少关注的问题，具有一定的新颖性和较好的学术价值     

基于zigbee技术在矿井下节点切换机制的研究

节点接入切换机制和路由技术是井下定位系统的关键技术。根据矿井环境的特点，改进移动节点入网接入方式，提出移动节点地址分配的新方案。该方案中移动节点的地址不由协调器分配，在入井前由程序直接设定，且不随位置的移动而改变。仿真结果表明，提高移动节点入网成功率，减少了端到端的延时和丢包率，提高了数据传输效率。